Testing character encoding: missing declaration

There's no <meta charset> element anywhere in <head> on this page. This only tests what's declared in the markup itself, worth confirming separately what your actual hosting environment sends as an HTTP Content-Type header, since that can also supply an encoding and would take precedence over heuristic guessing.

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Expected result: without any encoding hint in the markup, browsers fall back to heuristic detection. Modern Chromium-based browsers often guess UTF-8 correctly by default, but this isn't guaranteed across all browsers. Check whether the characters above render correctly or turn into mojibake, and whether assistive technology reads them correctly or reads the raw garbled substitute characters.

HTML markup

<head>
  <!-- no <meta charset> element -->
  ...
</head>